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本类排行
  • 昆明市第十三污水处理建设项目安全
  • 昆明市委书记程连元、副市长吴涛一
  • 昆明主城污泥处理搬迁项目消化、脱
  • 程连元:全力推进污泥处置减量化无
  • 王凯军:污泥干化-焚烧技术已成为
  • 污水丨一口气看完活性污泥法,最全
  • 总结 | 关于活性污泥的那些事
  • 英国污泥处理处置方式对我国的启示
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    废水处理中污泥常见异常问题诊断分析及处理办法
     

    一、物理性质异常的分析控制方法

    1、在运行过程中如果发现污泥发白

    产生原因:

    缺少营养,丝状菌或固着型纤毛虫大量繁殖,菌胶团生长不良;

    PH值高或过低,引起丝状菌大量生长,污泥松散,体积偏大。

    解决办法:

    按营养配比调整进水负荷,氨氮滴加量,保持数日污泥颜色可以恢复;

    调整进水pH值,保持曝气池pH值在6~8之间,长期保持PH值范围才能有效防止污泥膨胀。

    污泥发白

    2、在运行过程中如果发现污泥发黑

    产生原因:

    曝气池溶解氧过低,有机物厌氧分解释放出H2S,其与Fe作用生成FeS

    解决办法:

    增加供氧量或加大回流污泥,只要提高曝气池溶解氧,10多小时左右污泥将逐渐恢复正常。

    3、化验过程中污泥过滤困难或出水色度升高

    产生原因:

    缺乏营养或水温过低,污泥生长不良,大量污泥解絮

    解决办法:

    增加负荷均衡营养,提高水温,改善污泥生长环境。

    4、曝气池内产生大量气泡

    产生原因:

    进水负荷过高,冲击负荷较大,造成部分污泥分解并附着于气泡上使气泡发粘不易碎,因此水面积存大量气泡。

    解决办法:

    减少进水,稍微加大回流污泥量,稳定一段时间后气泡减少系统逐渐正常。

    5、曝气池产生茶色或灰色泡沫

    产生原因:

    污泥老化,泥龄过高,解絮后的污泥附于泡沫上。

    解决办法:

    增加排泥,逐渐更新系统中的新生污泥,污泥的更新过程需要持续几天时间,期间要控制好运行环境,保证新生污泥有较强的活性(保证溶解氧在1.0~3.0内的稳定水平,营养物质比例要均衡,适当投加营养盐)。

    6、沉淀池有大块黑色污泥上浮

    产生原因:

    沉淀池有死角,局部积泥厌氧,产生CH4、CO2,气泡附于污泥粒使之上浮,出水氨氮往往较高;

    回流比过小,污泥回流不及时使之厌氧。

    解决办法:

    若沉淀池有死角,可以保持系统处于较高的溶解氧状态问题可以得到缓解,根本解决需要对死角进行构造上的改造才能实现;

    加大回流比,防止污泥在沉淀池停留时间太长。

    7、沉淀池泥面过高,并且出水悬浮物升高

    产生原因:

    负荷过高,有机物分解不完全影响污泥沉淀性能,沉降效果变差;

    负荷过低,污泥缺乏营养,耐低营养细菌增多絮凝性能变差;

    污泥尼龄较长,系统中污泥浓度过高并且污泥结构松散不易沉降;

    水温过高使小分子有机物增多,菌胶团吸附过多有机物造成污泥解絮。

    解决办法:

    降低负荷减少进水COD总量,提高溶解氧使污泥性能逐渐恢复;

    增加进水量控制在合适的范围,保持较高溶解氧状态一段时间抑制低营养细菌继续增加;

    加大剩余污泥排放量,将系统污泥浓度控制到合理范围内;

    降低曝气池中的水温,控制好溶解氧水平,一段时间后污泥可恢复正常。

    8、污泥膨胀

    在活性污泥系统中,有时污泥的沉降性能转差、比重减轻、体积增大,污泥在沉淀池沉降困难,严重时污泥外溢、流失,处理效果急剧下降,这种现象就是污泥膨胀。污泥膨胀是活性污泥系统最难解决的问题,至今仍未有较好的解决办法。

    1、下表是在实际运行过程中总结出来的运行对策一览表:

    废水处理中污泥常见问题

    2、通过调整工艺运行措施控制污泥膨胀的方法

    调整运行工艺控制措施,对工艺条件控制不当产生的污泥膨胀非常有效。

    具体方法有:

    ①在曝气池的进水口处投加粘土、消石灰、生污泥或消化污泥等,以提高活性污泥的沉降性和密实性;

    ②使进入曝气池的废水处于新鲜状态,如采取预曝气措施,使废水处于好氧状态;

    ③加强曝气强度,提高混合液DO浓度,防止混合液局部缺氧或厌氧;

    ④补充氮磷等营养盐,保持混合液中C、N、P等营养物质平衡;

    ⑤提高污泥回流比,降低污泥在二沉池的停留时间;

    ⑥对废水进行预曝气吹脱酸气或加碱调节,以提高曝气池进水的pH值;

    ⑦发挥调节池的作用,保证曝气池的污泥负荷相对稳定;

    ⑧控制曝气池的进水温度;

    在曝气池前增设生物选择器(永久性措施)。好氧生物选择器就是在回流污泥进入曝气池前进行再生性曝气,减少回流污泥中粘性物质的含量,使其中微生物进入内源呼吸阶段,提高菌胶团细菌摄取有机物的能力和与丝状微生物的竞争能力。为加强生物选择器的效果,可以在在曝气过程中投加足量的氮、磷等营养物质,提高污泥的活性。二、工艺指标异常的分析控制方法

    1、pH值

    在实际调节过程中pH值宁愿偏碱而不要偏酸,主要因为偏碱更利于后段絮凝沉淀效果提升。

    pH值与其他指标的关系:

    (1)与水质水量的关系:工业排水中pH的波动主要由生产中使用的酸碱药品带来的,需要在运行中逐步熟悉企业排水情况,积累经验通过颜色等物理性质判断水质偏酸或偏碱。

    (2)与沉降比的关系:pH低于5或高于10都会对系统造成冲击,出现污泥沉降缓慢,上清液浑浊,甚至液面有漂浮的污泥絮体。

    (3)与污泥浓度(MLSS)的关系:越高的污泥浓度对pH的波动耐受力越强。在受冲击后应加大排泥量促进活性污泥更新。

    (4)与回流比的关系:提高回流比以稀释进水的酸碱度也是降低pH波动对系统影响的方法之一。

    2、进水温度

    水温高则影响冲氧效率,溶解氧难以提高经常是由于这个原因;温度过低(一般认为低于10℃影响明显)则絮凝效果变差明显,絮体细小、间隙水浑浊。

    3、原水成分

    原水成分变化对活性污泥的影响如下:

    废水处理中污泥常见问题

    4、食微比(F/M)

    食微比(也叫污泥负荷)就是反映食物与微生物数量关系的一个比值。运行管理中需要明白:有多少食物才可以养多少微生物。通常需要控制食微比在0.3左右,经常利用实验数据代入公式计算以确定适合的进水流量。BOD值按COD值的50%进行计算,并在日常化验的数据对比中找出适合该处理站水质的COD、BOD比值。

    计算方法为:

    NS=QLa/XV

    其中Q—污水流量(m3/d);

    V—曝气池容积(m3);

    X—混合液悬浮物(MLSS)浓度(mg/L);

    La—进水有机物(BOD)浓度(mg/L)。

    (1)与污泥浓度的关系:根据有多少食物可以养多少微生物的原理,污泥浓度的调整要与进水浓度相适应,在系统进水水质频繁变化的情况下,以日平均浓度作为调整污泥浓度的参考依据较为合理。实际操作上,调整污泥浓度的最直接方法就是控制剩余污泥排放量,如能根据排泥数据制作出适合该处理站的排泥曲线,对日后运行有很高的参考价值。

    (2)与溶解氧的关系:食微比过低时,活性污泥过剩,过剩部分污泥的呼吸消耗的氧量大于分解有机物需要的氧,但总需氧量不变,氧的利用率降低,形成功率的浪费。食微比过高,系统需氧量上升造成供氧压力,超过系统供氧能力时造成系统缺氧,严重的将引起系统瘫痪。

    (3)与活性污泥沉降比的对应关系:

    废水处理中污泥常见问题

    5、溶解氧

    运行中的溶解氧监测主要依靠在线监测仪表,便携式溶解氧仪和实验测定,3种方法监测,仪器需要经常对比实验测定结果以确保仪器准确。在出现溶氧异常时,应在曝气池中采取多点采样的方法通过测定曝气池不同区域的溶解氧浓度,来分析故障原因。

    (1)与原水成分的关系。原水对溶解氧的影响主要体现在大水量和高有机物浓度都会增加系统的耗氧量,因此运行中曝气机全开之后,要再提高进水量就要根据溶解氧情况而定了。另外,如原水中存在洗涤剂较多,使得曝气池液面存在隔绝大气的隔离层,同样会降低冲氧效率。

    (2)与污泥浓度的关系。越高的污泥浓度耗氧量也越大,因此运行中需要通过控制合适的污泥浓度,避免不必要过度耗氧。同时应该注意,污泥浓度低时应调整曝气量避免过度冲氧引起污泥分解。

    (3)与沉降比的关系。运行中要避免的是过度曝气。过度曝气会使污泥细小的空气泡附着在污泥上,导致污泥上浮,沉降比增大、沉淀池表面出现大量浮渣。

    6、活性污泥浓度(MLSS)

    活性污泥浓度是指曝气池末端出口混合悬浮固体的含量,用MLSS表示,它是反映曝气池中微生物数量的指标。

    (1)与污泥龄的关系。污泥龄是通过排除活性污泥来达到污泥龄指标的可操作手段。因此,控制好污泥龄也就同时得出了合适的污泥浓度范围。

    (2)与温度的关系。对于正常的活性污泥菌群来说,温度每下降10℃,其中的微生物活性就要下降一倍。因此,运行中我们只需要在温度高时降低系统污泥浓度,温度低时提高系统污泥浓度就能达到稳定处理效率的目的。

    (3)与沉降比的关系。活性污泥浓度越高沉降比的最终结果就越大,反之越小。运行中要注意的是,活性污泥浓度高引起的沉降比升高,观察到的沉降污泥压缩密实;而非活性污泥浓度升高导致的沉降比升高多半压实性差,色泽暗淡。低活性污泥浓度导致的沉降比过低,观察到的沉降污泥色泽暗淡、压缩性差、沉降的活性污泥稀少。

    7、沉降比(SV30)

    活性污泥沉降比应该说在所有操作控制中最具备参考意义。通过观察沉降比可以侧面推定多项控制指标近似值,对综合判断运行故障和运转发展方向具有积极指导意义。

    影响沉淀效果的因素及处理对策

    废水处理中污泥常见问题沉降过程的观察要点:

    (1)在沉降最初30~60秒内污泥发生迅速的絮凝,并出现快速的沉降现象。如此阶段消耗过多时间,往往是污泥系统故障即将产生的信号。如沉降缓慢是由于污泥黏度大,夹杂小气泡,则可能是污泥浓度过高、污泥老化、进水负荷高的原因。

    (2)随沉降过程深入,将出现污泥絮体不断吸附结合汇集成越来越大的絮体,颜色加深的现象。如沉淀过程中污泥颜色不加深,则可能是污泥浓度过低、进水负荷过高。如出现中间为沉淀污泥,上下皆是澄清液的情况则说明发生了中度污泥膨胀。

    (3)沉淀过程的最后阶段就是压缩阶段。此时污泥基本处于底部,随沉淀时间的增加不断压实,颜色不断加深,但仍然保持较大颗粒的絮体。如发现,压实细密,絮体细小,则沉淀效果不佳,可能进水负荷过大或污泥浓度过低。如发现压实阶段絮体过于粗大且絮团边缘色泽偏淡,上层清液夹杂细小絮体,则说明污泥老化。

    8、污泥体积指数(SVI)

    污泥体积指数SVI=SV30/MLSS,SVI在50~150为正常值,对于工业废水可以高至200。活性污泥体积指数超过200,可以判定活性污泥结构松散,沉淀性能转差,有污泥膨胀的迹象。当SVI低于50时,可以判定污泥老化需要缩短污泥龄。

    污泥容积指数

    废水处理中污泥常见问题

    运行中要注意的是,当负荷低时要相应调整曝气量,否则过度曝气将导致SVI增高,容易被误判成污泥膨胀。

    9、污泥龄

    污泥龄(t)=VX1/24X2Q

    式中:V—曝气池容积m;

    X1—曝气池混合悬浮物(MLSS)浓度(mg/L);

    X2—回流活性污泥混合悬浮物(MLSS)浓度(mg/L);

    Q—剩余活性污泥排量(m3/h)

    污泥龄可以理解为活性污泥增殖1倍所需要的时间,实际运行中可以依据曝气池的污泥量和排泥流量简单的估算污泥龄。污泥龄7~15天的范围仅仅是参考值,实际运行中需要根据现场的进水负荷情况来设置合理的污泥龄。

    运行中污泥龄的确定方法:

    在“有多少食物就能养活多少微生物”这个大前提下,运行中就需要根据一段时间的平均污染物负荷用食微比公式计算合理的污泥浓度(MLSS),进而算出合理的污泥龄,并以此为依据对系统做出相应调整。

    10、回流比

    回流比在正常情况下的调整操作,正面作用并不明显,但是在污泥系统故障时的应急调控中具有重要作用。

    控制回流比依据

    废水处理中污泥常见问题

    11、营养的投加

    营养投加不当产生的结果

    废水处理中污泥常见问题

    污水处理厂(氧化沟工艺)常见的异常情况及分析

    污泥性状异常及其分析

    废水处理中污泥常见问题


    来源:环保水圈

     

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