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    公报解读:建立系统的生态文明制度体系

    党的十八届三中全会关于加强生态文明建设的论述有3个特点:一是深化了“五位一体”的战略布局,始终把生态文明建设与经济、政治、社会、文化建设相提并论,并把“紧紧围绕建设美丽中国深化生态文明体制改革,加快建立生态文明制度”作为6个“紧紧围绕”之一进行统一部署。二是确立了生态文明制度建设在全面深化改革总体部署中的地位,提出“必须建立系统完整的生态文明制度体系,用制度保护生态环境”。三是丰富了生态文明制度建设的内容,把资源产权、用途管制、生态红线、有偿使用、生态补偿、管理体制等内容充实到生态文明制度体系中来。

    建立系统完整的生态文明制度体系,既是全面深化改革的重要内容,又是加强生态文明建设的核心任务,非常重要。

    建设生态文明需要系统完整的制度体系

    ●生态文明制度是否系统和完整,是否具有先进性,在一定程度上代表了生态文明水平的高低。良好的生态环境是生态文明的硬实力,先进的制度体系是生态文明的软实力。

    生态文明制度是指在全社会制定或形成的一切有利于支持、推动和保障生态文明建设的各种引导性、规范性和约束性规定和准则的总和,其表现形式有正式制度(原则、法律、规章、条例等)和非正式制度(伦理、道德、习俗、惯例等)。

    可见,生态文明制度有“硬”和“软”两个方面,而并非人们通常认为的制度都是写在纸上的硬性规定。事实上,那些刻在人们心中、成为人的价值观念的“软性”规则,往往起到更坚定、更持久的约束人行为的作用,比强制人们遵守的硬性规定更易得到执行。从这个意义上说,强化生态伦理道德这样的制度建设是更基本、更优先的任务。

    生态文明制度既是约束人类行为的规则,同时也是衡量人类文明水平的标尺。经常有人把建设生态文明与保护生态环境等同起来,认为建设生态文明主要就是防治污染、修复生态,只要环境质量改善了,生态文明水平就提高了。其实,生态文明建设的重心是在“文明”上,更多的是反映人类行为的进步。当我们投入几千亿元治理环境,环境能得到一定程度的改善,但如果人们的生态环境意识和环境法律法规标准还停留在原来的水平上,那么可以说生态文明水平并没有得到大的提高。因此,制度是否系统和完整,是否具有先进性,在一定程度上代表了生态文明水平的高低。良好的生态环境是生态文明的硬实力,先进的制度体系是生态文明的软实力。

    建设生态文明需要建立系统完整的制度体系,是因为建设生态文明具有高度的多样性和复杂性。当今世界,生态环境问题的表现形式十分复杂:大气污染、水污染、土壤污染、水土流失、自然灾害、荒漠化、生态系统退化、海洋环境问题、新型污染物、农村环境问题、气候变化、环境污染事故、环境社会性群体事件等。同时,造成这些问题的来源也十分复杂:工农业生产、资源开发、城乡居民生活、物流交换、国内外贸易等。加上这些活动所涉及的主体也非常多:各级决策者、生产企业、社会大众、资源开发者等。对各类环境问题制定相应的制度,累计起来就会达到极大的数量,庞大而全面,再加上生态文明建设还涉及国土空间开发、资源节约利用和生态经济的发展,这都需要有力的制度保障。因此,生态文明制度必将是一个系统和完整的体系。

    生态文明制度体系内容进一步丰富完善

    ●完善科学决策制度,提高对建设生态文明的政治领导力;强化法治管理制度,提高生态文明制度的执行能力;形成道德文化制度,提高全社会的生态文明自觉行动能力。

    党的十八大报告提出了生态文明制度建设的主要任务:“要把资源消耗、环境损害、生态效益纳入经济社会发展评价体系,建立体现生态文明要求的目标体系、考核办法、奖惩机制。建立国土空间开发保护制度,完善最严格的耕地保护制度、水资源管理制度、环境保护制度。深化资源性产品价格和税费改革,建立反映市场供求和资源稀缺程度、体现生态价值和代际补偿的资源有偿使用制度和生态补偿制度。积极开展节能量、碳排放权、排污权、水权交易试点。加强环境监管,健全生态环境保护责任追究制度和环境损害赔偿制度。加强生态文明宣传教育,增强全民节约意识、环保意识、生态意识,形成合理消费的社会风尚,营造爱护生态环境的良好风气。”十八届三中全会进一步完善了生态文明制度体系的内容:“要健全自然资源资产产权制度和用途管制制度,划定生态保护红线,实行资源有偿使用制度和生态补偿制度,改革生态环境保护管理体制。”

    我们把这些内容综合起来,总体上可分为3类:

    第一类是建立科学的决策和责任制度,这包括综合评价、目标体系、考核办法、奖惩机制、空间规划、责任追究、管理体制等,主要是针对各级决策者的。

    第二类是建立有效的执行和管理制度,包括管理制度、有偿使用、赔偿补偿、市场交易、执法监管、资源产权、用途管制、生态红线等,主要是针对全社会各类当事主体的。

    第三类是建立内化的道德和自律制度,包括宣传教育、生态意识、合理消费、良好风气等,主要是针对全社会成员的。

    3类任务适用于耕地保护、水资源保护、环境保护等多个领域,由此,可以得到一个生态文明制度的矩阵

    建立系统完整的生态文明制度体系,主要从以下3方面展开:

    完善科学决策制度,提高对建设生态文明的政治领导力。改革党政干部考核评价任用制度,加大对各级党政领导者生态文明建设的问责力度,特别是把生态文明建设实绩作为任用干部的依据。对重大规划和发展项目进行科学的、有广泛社会参与的环境影响评价。加快资源环境部门的大部门制改革,增加资源环境主管部门在经济发展决策中的话语权。增加各级人民代表大会和政治协商对生态文明建设的立法监督问责职能。

    强化法治管理制度,提高生态文明制度的执行能力。加快生态文明建设立法进程,特别是地方人大应加快出台生态文明建设的地方条例。按照建设“五位一体”总体布局要求,在生态文明建设中,推动现有各种法律的生态化调整。加强资源环境等部门的执法力量和软硬条件,提高执法水平。加大司法力量对建设生态文明的保障作用。

    形成道德文化制度,提高全社会的生态文明自觉行动能力。将生态价值观纳入社会主义核心价值体系,形成资源节约和环境友好型的执政观、政绩观。强化企业的社会责任感和荣誉感,形成对保护环境引以为荣的道德风气。对企业家进行环境知识启蒙教育和可持续发展教育,激励激发企业家的环境慈善之心。培育公众的现代环境公益意识和环境权利意识,逐步形成 “利益相关,匹夫有责”的社会主流风气。将公民环境权明确地确立在宪法中,加大公众对政府环境保护工作的监督力度。

    自然资源资产产权制度等首次写入党的文件

    ●健全自然资源资产的产权制度是为了使自然资源具有明确的主人,他获得使用这些资源的利益,同时也承担起保护资源的责任。

    ●自然资源用途管制制度是国家出于公共利益,使用国家权力,超越产权规定对自然资源进行管理的制度。

    ●生态红线是指最基本的生态环境保护要求,是维护一定生态环境质量所必须坚持的防护底线。

    十八届三中全会指出“要健全自然资源资产产权制度和用途管制制度,划定生态保护红线,实行资源有偿使用制度和生态补偿制度,改革生态环境保护管理体制。”有些制度是首次写入党的政治文件。

    自然资源资产产权制度:产权是指主体对于财产拥有法定关系并由此获得利益的权利,包括所有权、支配权、收益权等。健全自然资源资产的产权制度是为了使自然资源具有明确的主人,由他获得使用这些资源的利益,同时也承担起保护资源的责任。土地承包和林权改革是这类产权制度的典型,同时近年来大型公共资源的产权制度改革也在推进。如主要污染物总量控制和减排,就是大气和水体等容纳净化污染物的能力这种特殊的自然资源,被政府这个主体所有并分配给排污企业有限额地使用,改变了原来大气和水体作为“无主”资源被过度利用的局面。

    自然资源用途管制制度:这是国家出于公共利益,使用国家权力,超越产权规定对自然资源进行管理的制度。表明有些自然资源虽然属于某些主体,但其不能随意使用,必须服从国家规定,如耕地红线制度等。自然保护区也属于用途管制制度,因为不管自然保护区属于谁管理,国家法规规定都不能在核心区内进行开发和建设活动。

    划定生态保护红线:生态红线是指最基本的生态环境保护要求,是维护一定生态环境质量所必须坚持的防护底线。一般有3种形式:一是特定地理区域红线,如主体功能区规划、环境功能区规划等。被列为限制开发区和禁止开发区的地区就主要发挥生态屏障和生态效益的功能。二是自然资源使用上线,如煤炭使用量现在以每年两亿吨的速度增长,煤炭不能这样无限制地增长下去,必须控制使用总量;另外,有些大城市的机动车增长也必须进行总量控制。三是污染物排放总量上限,现在4种主要污染物排放总量都在下降,但一些其他污染物排放总量还在增加,温室气体也在增加,对此必须限定一个上限。

    建立系统完整的生态文明制度体系,用制度保护生态环境,是实现美丽中国愿景的必经途径。按照中央“到2020年在重要领域和关键环节改革上取得决定性成果”的要求,建立这个制度体系无疑是一场紧迫和艰巨的战役,包括环保部门在内的各系统将会做更多的工作,投入到制度建设中来。

    作者为环境保护部环境与经济政策研究中心主任、研究员

    保护生态环境需要顶层设计推进

    公报中对生态文明做了说明,体现了“五位一体”全面改革的指导思想,比党的十八大报告更进一步,从改革的角度推进生态文明制度建设。另一方面也说明我国目前生态环境面临的形势非常严峻,环境污染严重,保护生态环境需要这样的顶层设计来推进。

    国务院发展研究中心社会发展研究部室主任周宏春

    明确提出划定生态红线意义重大

    党的十八届三中全会的文件中,至少有3次出现生态文明制度建设,并且第一次明确提出划定生态红线。中国资源相对短缺,环境破坏、污染的程度较高,生活和发展都已受到了严重的制约和影响。在这种情况下,划定生态红线意义十分重大。

    中国社会科学院城市发展与环境研究所所长潘家华

    利用定价将自然资源资产化

    此次全会公报里提出的自然资源资产产权制度,是生态文明领域的全新词汇。使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用的关键是定价,定价的前提是明晰产权。三中全会的主基调是市场经济,因此,利用定价将自然资源资产化是实现生态文明的关键举措之一。例如排污权交易和碳交易就是将资源定价,环境成本内部化的关键问题也是要定价,使资源通过成本反映出来。

    中科院科技政策与管理科学研究所副所长王毅

    通过资源价格改革体现资源稀缺性

    深化资源性产品价格改革需要完善生态补偿机制和代际补偿机制,建立一整套能够反映资源勘探开发、生态补偿、枯竭后退出等完全成本的制度体系,并将这些成本反映到资源性产品的价格中。资源价格改革将是资源价格逐渐市场化的过程,考虑到涨价因素影响,可能分几个步骤来完成。最终目的是形成自由竞争中的资源价格,既反映市场的供需关系,也体现资源稀缺性。

    厦门大学中国能源经济研究中心主任林伯强

    建立更完善大环保体制刻不容缓

    改革生态保护管理体制,简单地说可以多策并举,有两点特别重要:第一是立法必须跟上;第二是政府要统一部署,综合协调。

    我国为了更好地进行生态环境保护,为了更好地完善生态环境保护管理体制,建立更加完善的大环保体制刻不容缓。生态环境保护是一个政治问题,是一个民生问题,是一个科学问题。

    国家行政学院公共管理教研部教授宋世明

    未来改革重点应放在横向转移支付

    生态补偿机制早在2003年就曾提出,包括对农民“退耕还林”的补偿。未来的改革重点应该放在横向转移支付上,即将富裕地区对贫困地区的财力援助,放在促进地区间的互助合作。相信此举可减轻中央的资金压力。

    中央财经大学中国发展和改革研究院副院长欧阳日辉












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